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European Train Tickets . . .

How to buy cheap train tickets for Europe...

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How to buy cheap train tickets to Europe:  A Eurostar about to leave St Pancras International...  

London to Paris for £51?  Paris to Geneva for £22?

Paris to Rome for 40 euros?  Amsterdam to Prague for 49 euros?

If you know where to look and book in advance, there are some amazingly cheap train fares out there for train travel to and within Europe.  There are no airport taxes to add, no baggage fees or weight limits, the trains run centre-to-centre with no extra costs getting to and from remote airports, and infants go free.  Sleeper trains can save a hotel bill, too!  This page recommends the best and cheapest way to buy train tickets both for journeys starting in the UK and for train travel around Europe, online and by phone.  The best website or agency to use depends on which journey you want to book.

 

On this page...

      On other pages...

What's the best way to buy European train tickets?

Senior fares (over 60)

General European train travel information

How to buy train tickets online

Youth fares (under 26)

Luggage,   Taking your bike

How to buy train tickets by phone

Child fares & child age limits

Taking dogs & petsTaking your car

Buying European tickets if you're from the USA, Australia...

Can any train be booked from the UK?

Couchettes & sleepers

How far in advance can I book?

 

Guide to railpasses & InterRail passes

Step-by-step instructions for using key train ticket websites...

Raileurope.co.uk    French railways (voyages-sncf.com)    Italian railways (trenitalia.com)    Spanish railways (renfe.es)

Buying connecting tickets from UK towns & cities to London

 

 

 What's the best way to buy European train tickets?

Buying tickets online...

The best way to buy European train tickets is online direct from the various European train operators.  It's the cheapest way, as it means no booking fees or agency mark-ups.  It puts you in control, so you can easily browse availability & prices for different dates & departure times at your leisure.  Unfortunately, there isn't just one website for all European trains, so you will need to use different websites depending on what journey you're trying to book.  But don't worry, Seat61 will explain which website to use for which journey.  Just click one of these links:

How to buy European train tickets online if you're a UK, Irish or other European resident

How to buy European train tickets online if you're a resident of the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand or worldwide

There are a few situations where it can be better to buy tickets by phone:

  • First, if there's a persistent technical problem with the online systems, it can save further frustration to just pick up the phone (people seem to forget you can still do this!);

  • Second, if you have any very specific requirements, such as wanting a specific seat or a seat in a specific carriage;

  • Third, there are many journeys that simply can't be booked online at all, for example the Lisbon-Hendaye 'Sud Express' and many eastern European journeys such as Cologne-Moscow, Warsaw-Kiev or Bucharest/Belgrade-Istanbul to name just a few;  These can all be booked by phone, although there's a few trains which can't be booked at all outside the country in question, for example trains within Greece.

  • Finally, if you're booking a more complex journey online this sometimes means making two or three bookings on two or three websites, and making sure that each of these connects.  For example, London to Malaga might mean booking London-Paris & Paris-Madrid at www.raileurope.co.uk, then Madrid-Malaga with Spanish Railways at www.renfe.es.  Seat61's step-by-step instructions make this easy, but if you really find this too daunting you may prefer to book by phone and let someone do it all for you.

Buying tickets by phone...

You can usually buy exactly the same train tickets by phone as online, by calling a specialist UK European rail booking agency.  However, a booking fee (which varies between £6 and £25 depending on the agency) normally applies to phone bookings.  Some agencies are better than others for particular journeys because of the reservation systems they use, so for journeys starting in the UK, simply select your destination country from the menu on the left and the relevant country page of this website will recommend the best agency or agencies to call for that particular journey.  For general advice on which agencies to call to book European train tickets, use the links below:

How to buy European train tickets by phone or in person in the UK

How to buy European train tickets by phone or in person in the Republic of Ireland

How to buy European train tickets by phone in the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand & worldwide


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 How to buy European train tickets online...

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Just click on the city or country in which your train journey starts:

London & UK   Switzerland   Germany   Denmark   Other eastern European countries
Paris & France   Italy   Austria   Sweden    
Brussels & Belgium   Spain   Prague & Czech Rep.   Norway    
Amsterdam & Netherlands   Portugal   Poland   Finland    

Bookings open 90 (in some cases 60) days in advance.  Remember that you can't book before reservations open, but no-one else can book before reservations open, either, so don't worry!  More information about when bookings open.

Ingenuity is sometimes required...  Bear in mind that for longer or more complex journeys, it's often necessary to break the journey into logical sections.  For example, none of the websites recommended here is capable of booking an entire journey from (say) Naples to (say) the town of Haarlem in the Netherlands all in one go.  But you can get train times from Naples to Haarlem using http://bahn.hafas.de.  Using this as a guide, you can use the Italian railways website to book the train from Naples to Milan, and once you have booked that you can use the City Night Line sleeper website to book the sleeper from Milan to Amsterdam, with your ticket printed out on your own PC printer.  The Dutch railways website will then give you fares and times for the last short hop from Amsterdam to Haarlem, but for purely domestic Dutch tickets no reservation or advance booking is necessary, you can buy this ticket when you get to Amsterdam.  A bit of creative thinking is often required!

Each seat61 country page gives specific step-by-step instructions for booking a journey from the UK to that particular European country, so just select your destination country from the menu on the left.  But just for the record, here's a general summary of the best way to buy train tickets from the UK to Europe:

...train journeys wholly within the UK:  See the UK page or Northern Ireland page

UK to Ireland:  See the Ireland page

You can buy combined train+ferry tickets from London or any station in Great Britain to Dublin online on the Ireland page from just £27 one-way, or you can buy them by phone from the SailRail telesales line on 08450 755 755.

UK to Paris & Belgium:  www.eurostar.com

If all you want is a Eurostar ticket from London to Paris or Brussels, the best way to book is online direct from Eurostar at www.eurostar.com.  Tickets will be sent to any UK, French or Belgian address or (if travelling at short notice or booking from overseas) you can choose to collect them at the station in London, Paris or Brussels using the e-ticket machines.  If you're only going one-way, see this advice on one-way Eurostar fares.  Eurostar bookings open 120 days before departure.  Although www.eurostar.com is capable of booking through tickets from London to many cities in France, it won't book overnight trains or tickets to every destination, so I'd recommend using either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents) or www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country) for destinations beyond Paris or Belgium, as they offer more destinations, give you more control over each booking, will also book overnight trains, and often offer cheaper options.  Remember that Eurostar tickets to Brussels are valid to any station in Belgium, not just Brussels, see the Belgium page.

UK to France, Italy, Switzerland, Spain:  www.raileurope.co.uk or www.voyages-sncf.com

The best way to book train journeys from London to anywhere in France and to major cities in Italy, Spain or Switzerland is online at either www.raileurope.co.uk (French Railways' UK subsidiary for UK residents, now with a new easier-to-use system, backed by UK call centre) or French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, tickets sent from France or can be collected from French stations, can be quirky, so see this advice on using it).  Reservations open 90 days before departure.   www.raileurope.co.uk will post tickets free of charge to any UK address.  www.voyages-sncf.com will post  tickets to any address in Europe and some countries worldwide, or if you leave 'France' selected as the country in which you want to receive tickets, tickets can be picked up at stations in France or in the case of the cheapest 'prems' fares you can print them out in .pdf format on your own PC printer.

Onward tickets within Italy:  The new www.raileurope.co.uk online system can now book major internal routes within Italy, and this is the most painless way to add an onward connection to your London-Italy journey.  It's best to add the internal journey separately, in other words, don't try booking Paris-Naples all in one go, first book Paris-Rome and add to your basket, then click 'continue shopping' and book Rome-Naples as a second journey, allowing plenty of time for the connection.  The Rail Europe system won't sell all trains on every Italian route, and it charges a pound or two more than booking direct with Italian Railways, so you might prefer to book onward connections within Italy separately at the Italian Railways site, www.trenitalia.com.  The Trenitalia website has its quirks, so see this advice on using it.  Voyages-sncf.com probably won't succeed in booking many trains within Italy, so you'll probably have to use the Trenitalia website to book these.

Onward tickets within Spain:  The new www.raileurope.co.uk online system can now book major internal routes within Spain, and this is the most painless way to add an onward connection to your London-Madrid/Barcelona journey.  It's best to add the internal journey separately, in other words, don't try booking Paris-Malaga all in one go, first book Paris-Madrid and add to your basket, then click 'continue shopping' and book Madrid-Malaga as a second journey.  The Rail Europe system won't sell all trains on every Spanish route, and importantly, it will only sell full-fare fully-flexible tickets, it can't sell the cheap 'web' and 'estrella' fares available direct from the Spanish Railways themselves, so you might find it cheaper to book onward connections within Spain separately at the Spanish Railways website www.renfe.es - See this step-by-step guide to using renfe.es.  Voyages-sncf.com can't book anything in Spain beyond Madrid or Barcelona, so if you use it you'll have to book onward trains at www.renfe.es.

UK to Germany, Austria, Scandinavia & eastern Europe...

You can book the direct sleeper trains from Cologne to Prague, Vienna & Copenhagen, and from Paris to Munich & Berlin online at the German Railways sleeper train website, www.bahn.de/citynightline, 'English' button at upper right.  Look for the cheap 'Savings' fares.  You pay by credit card and print out your own tickets in .PDF format, making it easy for anyone booking from any country. 

You can then book a connecting London-Cologne Eurostar+Thalys ticket using either www.eurostar.com (residents of any country, tickets sent to UK addresses or collected at the station) or www.raileurope.co.uk (UK residents, tickets sent to any UK address) or www.voyages-sncf.com (tickets sent to any European address).  You can book a connecting London-Paris or London-Brussels Eurostar ticket at www.eurostar.com.

Onward journeys from Munich to Salzburg & Innsbruck or Berlin to Krakow or Warsaw can then be booked at http://bahn.hafas.de.  Onward tickets from Copenhagen to Stockholm & Oslo can be booked online at www.sj.se (no booking fee) or www.bokatag.se (small booking fee) or if you can't get your credit card to work, call SJ telesales on +46 771 75 75 75 (touch tone 6 for English). Tickets are collected from the SJ ticket machines at Copenhagen main station.

For daytime travel from London to Germany, book London-Cologne using either www.eurostar.com (residents of any country, tickets sent to UK addresses or collected at the station) or www.raileurope.co.uk (UK residents, tickets sent to any UK address) or www.voyages-sncf.com (tickets sent to any European address), then book connecting trains from Cologne to your German destination using http://bahn.hafas.de.

UK to the Netherlands:  See the Netherlands page

London-Amsterdam via Eurostar can be booked online at www.raileurope.co.uk (French Railways' UK subsidiary for UK residents, tickets sent to any UK address) or French Railways own website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, tickets sent to any European address).  London-Amsterdam (or any Dutch stations) by train+ferry via Harwich-Hook of Holland can be booked online at www.dutchflyer.co.uk.

 Journeys starting in Paris & France:

Train journeys wholly within France

UK residents can book French train tickets through www.raileurope.co.uk, which will book any train in France, including overnight trains, with prices in pounds and tickets sent free of charge to any UK address. Non-UK residents can use the French Railways website, www.voyages-sncf.com, though it's quirky so see this advice on how to use it.   Seat reservation is compulsory for almost all French long-distance trains, and cheap advance-purchase fares called 'prems' are available if you book in advance, so it's well worth pre-booking if you can.  www.voyages-sncf.com will send tickets to most European countries.

Paris to London:

There's a more-or-less hourly Eurostar train from Paris to London via the Channel Tunnel, taking just 2 hours 15 minutes, centre to centre, much faster and more comfortable than flying.  Fares from £59/89 euros return.  The best way to book Eurostar tickets is direct with Eurostar at www.eurostar.com.  If you're making a one-way journey, see this advice about one-way Eurostar fares.  See the Eurostar page for more information about Eurostar and the Eurostar journey.  You can choose to pick up tickets at the station if travelling at short notice or if booking from overseas.

From other French towns & cities to London, it's best to buy tickets using either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free of charge to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any address in Europe), see this advice on how to use these websites.  The London to France page will help with UK-France routes and train times, in either direction, and show you what French daytime TGV and overnight trains are like.

Paris to Brussels, Amsterdam, Luxembourg, Germany, Austria, Switzerland:

Direct high-speed trains link Paris with other European cities including Brussels (1½ hours), Amsterdam (4 hours), Luxembourg, Cologne (4½ hours), Frankfurt (4 hours), Geneva (3½ hours), Basel (3½ hours), Bern (4½ hours) & Zurich (4½ hours).  From city centre to city centre, it's usually quicker than flying, and certainly more relaxing.  The best way to book these trains is online at either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free of charge to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any address in Europe or can be picked up at the station if you select 'France').  These sites can book international train journeys from Paris and other French cities to Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany (Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich, Cologne, Stuttgart and others), Austria (Vienna via Strasbourg), & Switzerland (Geneva, Lausanne, Bern, Interlaken, Basel, Zurich).  The voyages-sncf.com system has quite a few quirks, so see this advice on how to use it.

Paris to Rome, Florence, Milan, Venice & Italy:

There are direct overnight sleeper trains from Paris to Milan, Bologna, Florence, Rome, Verona, Venice.  Leave central Paris at 7pm, arrive next morning in Florence at 7.15am or Rome at 9.50am.  Or leave Paris at 7.40pm, arrive in central Venice 9.35am, a short walk from the Rialto Bridge and St  Mark's Square.  Effectively faster than flying, and it'll save a hotel bill too.  There are also three daily daytime TGV trains from Paris to Turin & Milan (7 hours), and an overnight sleeper from Nice & Monte Carlo to Rome & Venice (although sadly, after over 100 years, the Nice-Rome/Venice train is to be withdrawn in June 2008).  See the London to Italy page for more information about all these Paris-Italy trains, including times, fares and on board accommodation.  The best way to book any of these trains is online at either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, new easier-to-use system, tickets sent free of charge to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any address in Europe or can be picked up at the station if you leave 'France' selected).  The voyages-sncf.com system has quite a few quirks, so before booking, see this advice on how to use it.

Onward tickets within Italy:  The raileurope.co.uk or voyages-sncf.com booking system will book the direct trains Paris-Rome or Paris-Florence, but may struggle with Paris-Naples or Paris-Pisa, both of which require a change of train.  So use raileurope or voyages-sncf to book (in this example) the Paris-Rome or Paris-Florence train, then book onward connections in Italy separately at the Italian Railways site, www.trenitalia.com, but first see this advice on using the Trenitalia website.

Paris to Madrid, Barcelona & Spain:

There are excellent overnight sleeper trains called 'trainhotels' from Paris to Barcelona & Madrid, with cosy sleepers, an elegant restaurant and a bar.  Leave Paris 8.30pm, arrive Barcelona 8.30 next morning.  Leave Paris 7.40pm, arrive Madrid 9.15 next morning.  In effect it's faster than flying and it'll save a hotel bill too.  For more information about these trainhotels, including photos inside & out, see the London to Spain page or the trainhotel website, www.elipsos.com.  The best way to book these trains is online at either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free of charge to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any address in Europe, or if you leave 'France' selected you can pick up tickets at the station).  The booking system at raileurope.co.uk or voyages-sncf.com has quite a few quirks, so before booking, see this advice on how to use these websites.  These websites will also book the direct daytime trains Barcelona-Montpellier.  Residents of the USA & Canada can also book this train online using www.raileurope.com, and Australians at www.raileurope.com.au, although prices will be slightly higher.

Onward tickets within Spain:  The new raileurope.co.uk system can book onward trains within Spain, but only at full fare, not the cheap advance-booking fares.  The voyages-sncf.com booking system will book the direct trainhotels Paris-Madrid or Paris-Barcelona, but can't book onwards trains to Malaga or Alicante.  So use raileurope or voyages-sncf to book the Paris-Madrid train (for Seville or Malaga) or the Paris-Barcelona trainhotel (for Valencia or Alicante), then book onward connections in Spain separately at the Spanish Railways website www.renfe.es - see this step-by-step guide to using renfe.es.  Similarly, it may struggle with (say) Nice-Barcelona, so break the journey into logical stages, and try first booking Montpellier-Barcelona, then click 'add another ticket' and book a connecting Nice-Montpellier journey.

Paris to Prague & Poland:

For Paris to Prague, Warsaw or Krakow, first book the overnight Paris-Berlin sleeper using either www.bahn.de/citynightline (the German Railways sleeper website, for residents of any country, you simply print your own ticket) or www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free of charge to any UK address, a subsidiary of French Railways) or French Railways' own website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any address in Europe).  Check both the German and French sites, as for some reason if the cheapest tickets are sold out on the German site the fare on the French sites can sometimes be cheaper.  Then book a connecting ticket from Berlin to Prague, Warsaw or Krakow using http://bahn.hafas.de.  The London to Poland and London to the Czech Republic pages may help with train times, the Brussels to Berlin sleeper referred to on those pages in fact starts in Paris.

Paris to Austria, Budapest, Ljubljana, Zagreb:

For Paris to Innsbruck, Salzburg, Vienna, Budapest, Ljubljana or Zagreb, first book the overnight Paris-Munich sleeper train using either www.bahn.de/citynightline (for residents of any country, you simply print your own ticket) or www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free of charge to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any address in Europe).  Then book a connecting daytime train from Munich to Innsbruck, Salzburg, Vienna, Budapest, Ljubljana or Zagreb using http://bahn.hafas.de.  Allow at least 25 minutes to change trains in Munich.

Paris to Copenhagen & Denmark, Sweden, Norway:

You can book the direct Cologne-Copenhagen sleeper using www.bahn.de/citynightline, and print out your own tickets.  Then book a connecting Paris-Cologne Thalys high-speed train using either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free of charge to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any address in Europe).  Allow at least 30 minutes to change trains in Cologne.  Onward tickets from Copenhagen to Stockholm & Oslo can be booked online at www.sj.se (no booking fee) or www.bokatag.se (small booking fee) or if you can't get your credit card to work, call SJ telesales on +46 771 75 75 75 (touch tone 6 for English). Tickets are collected from the SJ ticket machines at Copenhagen main station.

Paris to Athens & Greece:

Paris to Athens takes less than 48 hours via the ferry from Italy, and it's a great journey.  It can be booked online in 3 stages, see the London to Greece page for times, fares and how to buy tickets, just ignore the London-Paris part.  The overland journey from Paris to Athens via Belgrade or Bucharest cannot be booked online it has to be booked by phone.

Paris to Portugal, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey:

Journeys from Paris to Portugal, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey cannot be booked online, they need to be booked by phone.

 Journeys starting in Brussels & Belgium:

Train journeys wholly within Belgium

You can check Belgian train times & fares at www.b-rail.be, and buy tickets online.  But  Belgian internal trains don't require seat reservations, you just buy a ticket at the station and hop on, so no need to book in advance.  The price is a kilometric tariff, so the price is the same even if you buy tickets at the station on the day of travel.  However, buying a print-your-own .pdf format ticket online can save time at the ticket office.

Brussels to London:

There are regular Eurostar trains from Brussels to London, taking just 1 hour 55 minutes or so.  The best way to book is online direct with Eurostar at www.eurostar.com.  You can choose to pick up tickets at the station if booking at short notice or from overseas.  If you're only going one-way, see this advice on one-way Eurostar fares.

Brussels to Paris, Amsterdam, Cologne & Germany:

High-speed 'Thalys' trains link Brussels with Paris (1½ hours), Amsterdam (3 hours) or Cologne (2½ hours).  Although you can book these at www.thalys.com, I'd recommend using www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any European address) as these can also book Thalys trains and are usually easier to use.  Note that the hourly intercity (i.e. non-Thalys) trains from Brussels to Amsterdam need no reservation, you can easily buy a ticket on the day at the station and just hop on, which makes them easier to use than Thalys if you're only going Brussels-Amsterdam.  Top tip for Thalys one-way journeys:  Check Thalys return fares even for a one-way trip as these can be cheaper.  Book onwards trains from Cologne into Germany using http://bahn.hafas.de.

The German Railways website, http://bahn.hafas.de can book ICE trains (but not Thalys trains) from Brussels to Cologne, Frankfurt and onwards into Germany.

Brussels to Vienna, Prague, Warsaw, Copenhagen & Italy (via Cologne):

Journeys from Brussels to Vienna, Prague, Warsaw, Copenhagen or Milan can be booked online in two stages.  First, book the direct overnight sleeper train from Cologne to Vienna/Prague/Copenhagen/Milan at www.bahn.de/citynightline.  Then book a connecting Brussels-Cologne Thalys train using either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any European address).  Allow at least 30 minutes in Cologne to make a safe connection.  Onward connections from Milan to other Italian cities can be booked separately at the Italian Railways site, www.trenitalia.com, but first see this advice on using the Trenitalia website.  Onward tickets from Copenhagen to Stockholm & Oslo can be booked online at www.sj.se (no booking fee) or www.bokatag.se (small booking fee) or if you can't get your credit card to work, call SJ telesales on +46 771 75 75 75 (touch tone 6 for English). Tickets are collected from the SJ ticket machines at Copenhagen main station.

Brussels to Switzerland:

The two daily direct daytime trains from Brussels to Basel & Zurich can be booked online at either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any European address).  There is now no direct sleeper, but it's possible to use the Cologne-Switzerland sleeper booked at www.bahn.de/citynightline with a connecting Brussels-Cologne ticket booked at www.raileurope.co.uk or www.voyages-sncf.com.  Allow at least 30 minutes in Cologne for connections, and remember that for a one-way trip on Thalys, return fares can be cheaper than one-way fares.

Brussels to Italy (via Paris) & the South of France:

Journeys from Brussels to the South of France or Italy via Paris can also be booked, usually in two stages (first book Paris-Italy then book Brussels-Paris), at www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any European address).

Brussels to Spain:

Take a high-speed Thalys train to Paris (Gare du Nord), change stations, then take the 'trainhotel' sleeper train from Paris (Gare d'Austerlitz) to Madrid or Barcelona overnight with sleepers, restaurant & bar.  Journeys from Brussels to Spain can be booked in two separate stages, Brussels-Paris & Paris-Madrid/Barcelona using either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any European address).  Onwards tickets from Madrid to Seville/Malaga or Barcelona to Valencia/Alicante can be booked online at www.renfe.es.  For more information about these trainhotels, including photos inside & out, see the London to Spain page or the trainhotel website, www.elipsos.com.

Brussels to Prague & Poland:

For Brussels to Warsaw, Krakow or Prague (via Berlin), first book the Brussels-Berlin sleeper using www.bahn.de/citynightline, you pay online and simply print out your own ticket.  Then book a connecting daytime train from Berlin to Prague, Warsaw or Krakow using http://bahn.hafas.de.  The London to Poland and London to the Czech Republic pages will help with train times and on-board accommodation, just ignore the London-Brussels part.

 Journeys starting in Amsterdam & the Netherlands:

Train journeys wholly within the Netherlands

You can check Dutch train times and fares at www.ns.nl.  Dutch trains don't require seat reservations, you just buy a ticket at the station and hop on, so no need to book in advance.  The price is a kilometric tariff, so the price is the same even if you buy tickets at the station on the day of travel.

Amsterdam to London:

You can travel from Amsterdam to London either by Eurostar via Brussels (5½ hours) or by train+ferry via Hoek van Holland-Harwich (either daytime or overnight with cabin), see the London to the Netherlands page.  The way to book inbound journeys from the Netherlands is explained in the 'how to buy tickets' section.  By Eurostar via Brussels, you can buy tickets using www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any European address).  Top tip:  Return fares are often cheaper than one-way fares on Eurostar and Thalys, so check return prices even for a one-way trip.

Amsterdam to Paris & Brussels:

There are high-speed Thalys trains from Amsterdam, Den Haag & Rotterdam to Brussels (3 hours) and Paris (4½ hours), city centre to city centre, faster than flying.  Although you can book these online at www.thalys.com, I'd recommend using www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any European address) as the Thalys website directs you to an awkward Dutch website for Thalys journeys starting in the Netherlands, with tickets only sent to addresses in the Netherlands.  Top tip for Thalys one-way journeys:  check Amsterdam-Paris return fares even for a one-way trip as these can be cheaper.  There is also an hourly InterCity (i.e. non-Thalys) train between Amsterdam, Den Haag, Rotterdam, Antwerp & Brussels, which needs no reservation, just turn up, buy a ticket at the station and hop on.  In many ways this is much easier to use than Thalys.  It's cheaper than Thalys if you pay on the day, but Thalys has cheaper fares available if you can book in advance on a no-refunds, no-changes-to-travel-plans basis.

Amsterdam to major cities in Germany, also Innsbruck, Salzburg, Ljubljana, Zagreb:

There are high-speed InterCityExpress (ICE) trains from Amsterdam to Düsseldorf, Cologne and Frankfurt, and InterCity (IC) trains from Amsterdam to Berlin.  The German Railways website, http://bahn.hafas.de can book international tickets for daytime trains from Amsterdam to Cologne, Frankfurt, Berlin and other cities in Germany.  The German Railways sleeper train website, www.bahn.de/citynightline can book the direct City Night Line overnight sleeper trains from Amsterdam to to Stuttgart & Munich.  You can book connecting daytime trains from Munich to Innsbruck, Salzburg, Ljubljana or Zagreb using http://bahn.hafas.de.

Amsterdam to Vienna, Prague, Copenhagen, Switzerland & Italy:

There are excellent 'City Night Line' overnight sleeper trains direct from Amsterdam to Basel & Zurich in Switzerland, to Stuttgart & Munich in Germany, and to Vienna, Prague, Copenhagen & Milan.  Leave central Amsterdam at 7pm, arrive in Prague city centre at 9.30am next morning!  Or leave Amsterdam at 8.30pm, arrive Zurich at 8.20am or Vienna at 8.35am next morning.  Or leave Amsterdam at 5pm, arrive Milan at 7.45am next morning, changing there for Florence, Venice or Rome.  All these trains have couchettes (4 & 6-bunk) and sleepers (1, 2 & 3 bed rooms, some with private shower & toilet, breakfast included.  You can easily book all these sleeper trains at the German Railways sleeper train website, www.bahn.de/citynightline.  You pay by credit card and simply print out your own ticket in .PDF format.  Connecting tickets from Milan onwards to Florence, Rome or Venice can be booked online at www.trenitalia.com, but see this advice on using the Trenitalia website.  Onward tickets from Basel or Zurich to any station in Switzerland can be bought on board the sleeper train, for about 29 euros each way (ask your sleeper attendant for a Swiss connection ticket).  Onward tickets from Copenhagen to Stockholm & Oslo can be booked online at www.sj.se (no booking fee) or www.bokatag.se (small booking fee) or if you can't get your credit card to work, call SJ telesales on +46 771 75 75 75 (touch tone 6 for English). Tickets are collected from the SJ ticket machines at Copenhagen main station.

Amsterdam to Spain:

Take a lunchtime high-speed Thalys train from Amsterdam to Paris (Gare du Nord) in just 4½ hours, then take the overnight 'trainhotel' from Paris (Gare d'Austerlitz) to Madrid or Barcelona, arriving next morning.  For more information about these trainhotels, including photos inside and out, see the London to Spain page or the trainhotel website, www.elipsos.com.  Journeys from the Netherlands to Spain can be booked in two separate stages, using either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any European address).  First book Paris-Madrid/Barcelona.  Then  click 'add another ticket' and book an Amsterdam-Paris train, allowing at least 90 minutes to change trains and stations in Paris.  Onwards tickets from Madrid to destinations such as Seville, Malaga or Granada, or from Barcelona to Valencia or Alicante can be booked separately at www.renfe.es.

Amsterdam to Portugal, Russia, Poland, Ukraine:

There is a direct sleeper train from Amsterdam to Warsaw (taking 1 night) & Moscow (taking 2 nights), but unfortunately it cannot be booked online, only by phone.  Journeys to Portugal & Ukraine also need to be booked by phone.

 Journeys starting in Switzerland:

Train journeys wholly within Switzerland

You can check fares and train times at www.sbb.ch, and buy tickets online.  However, apart from a few tourist trains such as the Glacier Express, Swiss trains don't require seat reservations, you just buy a ticket at the station and hop on, so no need to book in advance.  The price is a kilometric tariff, so the price is the same even if you buy tickets at the station on the day of travel.

Switzerland to Paris & London

There are direct high-speed TGV trains from Switzerland to Paris, for example Geneva to Paris 3½ hours, Zurich to Paris 4½ hours.  You can book Switzerland to Paris journeys at either www.raileurope.co.uk (for UK residents, tickets sent free to any UK address) or the French Railways website www.voyages-sncf.com (for residents of any country, English button at the bottom, tickets sent to any address in Europe).  If you click 'add another ticket' after booking the Switzerland-Paris train you can book a connecting Eurostar from Paris to London at the same site.  See this advice on how to use these websitesSee the London to Switzerland page for more information, including Switzerland-London train times.

Switzerland to Amsterdam, Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne, Copenhagen:

There are excellent 'City Night Line' sleeper trains from Zurich or Basel direct to Amsterdam, Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne & Copenhagen, with couchettes (6 & 4 bunk) and sleepers (1, 2 & 3 bed, some with private shower & toilet, breakfast included).  You can easily book these using www.bahn.de/citynightline or www.bahn.de/citynightline, you simply print out your own ticket in .pdf format.  Onward tickets from Copenhagen to Stockholm & Oslo can be booked online at www.sj.se (no booking fee) or www.bokatag.se (small booking fee) or if you can't get your credit card to work, call SJ telesales on +46 771 75 75 75 (touch tone 6 for English). Tickets are collected from the SJ ticket machines at Copenhagen main station.

Switzerland to Italy:

There are both daytime trains from Swiss cities to Milan, Florence & Venice, and sleeper trains from several Swiss cities (for example, Bern & Zurich) to Rome.  These journeys can be booked at www.raileurope.co.uk (UK residents), www.raileurope.com (US/Canadian residents), and www.raileurope.com.au (Australian/NZ residents).

Switzerland to Austria:

There is a direct sleeper train from Zurich to Vienna, with both couchettes and sleeping-cars, some sleepers with private shower and toilet.  It appears to be bookable in either direction using the Austrian Railways website, www.oebb.at, as you simply print out your own ticket in .PDF format.  To use this site, don't switch to 'English', but leave the site in its German version.  Click 'Online-tickets' at the top, then on the next page click 'EURO-Night' for sleeper trains between Switzerland & Austria.  If you manage to book this train this way, let me know!  Daytime EuroCity trains from Zurich to Innsbruck, Salzburg & Vienna via the amazingly scenic Arlberg Pass cannot easily be booked online, but must be booked by phone, although residents of the USA & Canada may be able to book this train online using www.raileurope.com, and Australians at www.raileurope.com.au.

Switzerland to Spain:

There's an excellent 'trainhotel' from Zurich, Bern & Geneva to Barcelona in Spain, with cosy sleepers, restaurant car & bar.  It now runs 3 times a week all year round (though it used to run daily in summer).  Change in Barcelona for Madrid, Valencia, Alicante.  UK residents can book this train at www.raileurope.co.uk.  Residents of the USA & Canada can book this train online using www.raileurope.com, and Australians can book at www.raileurope.com.au.  It cannot be booked at other sites.

Switzerland to eastern Europe

There's a direct sleeper train from Basel to Prague which you can book online at www.bahn.de/citynightline, you pay online and print out your own ticket.  Other trains to eastern Europe are not generally bookable online, but must be booked by phone.

 Journeys starting in Italy:

Train journeys wholly within Italy

You can book Italian train tickets online at www.trenitalia.com, but first see this advice on using it.  Seat reservation is now required on most long-distance trains (and included in tickets bought online), although outside busy holiday periods it's easy to buy tickets at the station on the day of travel if you want.  There's little if any price advantage in buying in advance as there are few if any advance purchase deals, just normal fares.  However, booking online offers a hassle-free 'ticketless' option on most fast trains, where you book and pay online and simply quote your booking reference to the conductor on board the train.  It's painless and works a treat, with no need to queue at the ticket office.  See this advice on using the trenitalia website, and if you have any problems, buy your Italian train tickets from either www.raileurope.co.uk (if you're in the UK, best prices but not all Italian trains featured) or Seat61 UK Railshop (if you're in the UK, all Italian trains featured), the Seat61 US Railshop (if you're in the USA or Canada) or the Seat61 Australian Railshop (if you're in Australia or NZ)

Italy to Paris, London, Nice, Monte Carlo, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne:

There are direct sleeper trains with couchettes (6 & 4 bunk) and sleepers (1, 2 & 3 bed) from Rome, Florence, Bologna, Venice & Verona to Paris, also 3 daytime TGV trains from Milan to Paris (7 hours).  Leave Rome 6.30pm, arrive Paris 9.10am next morning!  See the London to Italy page for more information about times, fares and on board accommodation.  The Italian railways website, www.trenitalia.com, can book these trains.  It can also book the direct Venice-Nice and Rome-Nice sleeper train, and some other Italy-France trains.  First, see this advice on using the Trenitalia website.  Look for 'smart price' fares as these are the advance-purchase cheap deals.  Tickets can be picked up at any main station in Italy (ideal for people living outside Italy), or posted to